α-Smooth Muscle Actin and ACTA2 Gene Expressions in Vasculopathies

ABSTRACT α-smooth muscle actin, encoded by ACTA2 gene, is an isoform of the vascular smooth muscle actins, typically expressed in the vascular smooth muscle cells contributing to vascular motility and contraction. ACTA2 gene mutations cause a diversity of diffuse vasculopathies such as thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections as well as occlusive vascular diseases, including premature coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke. Dynamics of differentiation-specific α-smooth muscle actin in arterial smooth muscle cells and proliferation of the proteins have been well described. Although a variety of research works have been undertaken in terms of modifications of α-smooth muscle actin and mutations of ACTA2 gene and myosin, the underlying mechanisms towards the pathological processes by way of gene mutations are yet to be clarified. The purpose of the present article is to describe the phenotypes of α-smooth muscle actin and implications of ACTA2 mutations in vasculopathies in order to enhance the understanding of potential mechanisms of aortic and coronary disorders.

Anticorpos monoclonais anti PCSK9 / Anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies

Inibição da PCSK9 constitui um dos mais promissores avanços para o tratamento da hipercolesterolemia nos últimos anos. Esta pró-proteína convertase ao interagir com a LDL e seu receptor hepático determina a degradação do receptor. Por meio de anticorpos monoclonais, esta ação é inibida na corrente circulatória e, desta forma, o receptor após captar a LDL pode ser reciclado muitas vezes, permitindo eficiente redução do LDL-colesterol. Estes fármacos se mostraram surpreendentemente bem tolerados, com perfil de segurança similar ao placebo e produziram reduções no LDL-C ao redorde 60%, independentemente de terapia prévia com outros hipolipemiantes como estatinas ou ezetimiba. Além disso,reduzem também a lipoproteína Lp (a), uma ação que não se observa com as estatinas. Estudos prospectivos destinado sao exame do impacto em desfechos cardiovasculares estão atualmente em curso e poderão ampliar as indicações hoje previstas, como seu uso para hipercolesterolemias primárias graves ou intolerância a estatinas.

Inhibition of PCSK9 constitutes one of the most promising advances for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in thelast years. This proprotein convertase interacts with LDLand its receptor determining degradation of the receptor.Through the use of monoclonal antibodies, this effectis inhibited in the bloodstream, and thus, after the LDL capture, the receptor can be recycled many times, promotingan effective LDL-C decrease. Surprisingly, these drugsshowed safety profile similar to placebo and were very well tolerated, achieving LDL-C lowering around 60%, beyond previous therapies with statins or ezetimibe. In addition, these drugs also decrease lipoprotein Lp (a), an effect not observed with statins. Prospective studies aimedto evaluate the impact of treatment on cardiovascular eventsare currently ongoing and they may increase the possible indications recognized today, such as severe primary hypercholesterolemias or statin intolerance.

Polimorfismo del receptor P2Y12 de ADP plaquetario en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria y variabilidad en agregación plaquetaria: resultados preliminares / Platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor polymorphism in patients with coronary artery disease and varying degrees of platelet

Introducción: Uno de los mecanismos que explicaría la variabilidad en la agregación plaquetaria observada en la respuesta inhibitoria a clopidogrel es el polimorfismo del receptor P2Y12 de ADP plaquetario, específicamente, el haplotipo H2 y H1/H2. No se ha descrito la prevalencia del haplotipo H1/H2 del receptor plaquetario en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 del receptor P2Y12 en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria Métodos: Estudio prospectivo en pacientes sometidos en forma electiva a angioplastía coronaria con stent. Todos recibieron aspirina y una dosis de carga de clopidogrel de 600 mg, seguido de dosis de mantención de 75 mg/día. En todos se midió agregación plaquetaria previo a la dosis de carga de clopidogrel (día 0) y luego entre 6º y 8º día det ratamiento. La agregación plaquetaria se expresó de acuerdo al porcentaje de cambio respecto del valor basal. Se utilizó test t student pareado para evaluar el porcentaje de cambio. Se amplificó el segmento de interés del ADN de los pacientes mediante PCR y se determinó la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 usando enzimas de restricción. Resultados: Se enrolaron 40 pacientes, 34 (85 por ciento) hombres, edad promedio 61 +/-12 años. El promedio de agregación plaquetaria, previo y durante terapia con clopidogrel fue de 64 +/-10 por ciento y 41 +/-14 por ciento, respectivamente (p<0.0001) frente a ADP 8 µM. La respuesta de agregación a clopidogrel presentó una distribución normal según el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p=0.58). Los pacientes se estratificaron de acuerdo al porcentaje de cambio en cuartiles y el cuartil de menor cambio representó una diferencia menor a 10 por ciento. De estos pacientes, 30 por ciento (3 pacientes) tenían el haplotipo H1/H2. En total, se demostró la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 en 4 (10 por ciento) pacientes...

Background: One factor influencing the variability in the anti aggregation effect of clopidogrel is the polymorphism of the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor, specifically the H2 and H1/H2 haplotypes. The prevalence of the H1/H2 haplotype has not been described in patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: To evaluate the presence of H1/H2 haplotype of P2Y12 receptor in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in patients undergoing elective PTCA with stenting. All received aspirin followed by a loading dose of clopidogrel 600 mg and a maintenance dose of 75 mg daily. Platelet aggregation was measured prior to the loading clopidogrel dose and at 6 and 8 days post treatment. Platelet aggregation was indicated as the percent change over the basal value. The Student’s t test was used to evaluate the response. The DNA segment involved was amplified by PCR and the H1/H2 haplotype was determined using restriction enzymes. Results: Fourty patients (85 percent males) with mean age 61 years (SD 12) were studied. Mean platelet aggregation changed from a basal value of 64+/-10 to a post clopidogrel value of 41 +/-14 percent (p<0.0001) with an ADP level of 8 µM. The platelet aggregation response was normal according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The lowest quartile of platelet aggregation showed a <10 percent change. Three patients in this group (30 percent) had the H1/H2 haplotype. The overall incidence of this haplotype was 10 percent (4 patients). Conclusion: Clopidogrel does not induce a significant decreased platelet aggregation in 25 percent of patients subjected to coronary angioplasty. A third of this patients exhibited the H1/H2 haplotype for the P2Y12 receptor. This group of patients might be at increased risk from subsequent cardiovascular events.

La actividad de metaloproteinasa-9 se asocia a estrés oxidativo en el síndrome coronario agudo / Metalloproteinase-9 activity is associated with oxidative stress in acute coronary syndrome

Antecedentes: La metaloproteinasas (MMPs) son enzimas proteolíticas que participan en la inestabilidad de la placa aterosclerótica. En cultivos celulares, la actividad de metaloproteinasas-2 y 9 (MMP-2 y MMP-9) aumenta en presencia de radicales libres del oxígeno. En una experiencia preliminar en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) hemos encontrado una posible asociación entre ambos fenómenos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre actividad de enzimas de degradación de la matriz extracelular y estrés oxidativo (EO) en el SCA. Métodos: Estudiamos en forma prospectiva a 40 pacientes con SCA sin supradesnivel del segmento ST, puntaje TIMI ≥ 3 y alteraciones al electrocardiograma o elevación de Troponina I, que no presentaran un proceso inflamatorio. Se midió actividad de MMP-2 y MMP-9 (por zimografía en geles), malondialdehido (MDA) (mediante sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico) y PCR ultrasensible (PCRus) (ELISA), al ingreso y al quinto día. Se utilizó test t de Student para muestras pareadas y correlación lineal de Pearson. Resultados: De los 40 pacientes, 31 fueron hombres, la edad promedio fue 61+/-12 (38-85) años, todos con elevación de Troponina I. El puntaje TIMI fue de 4 (3-7). El 85 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron elevación de PCRus al ingreso (15,0+/-28,7 mg/L) y ésta aumentó al día 5 (35,3+/-38 mg/L, p=0,01); los niveles plasmáticos de MDA se encontraron elevados al ingreso (1,54+/-0,75 µM/L) y descendieron al quinto día (1,04+/-0,32 µM/L, p<0,0001). Al quinto día, la actividad de MMP-9 cayó a un 74+/-27 por ciento del valor basal (p<0,0001). No se observó cambio en la actividad de MMP-2. Se demostró una correlación positiva entre las fracciones de cambio de MDA y MMP-9 (r=0,43, p<0,0001). Conclusiones: En pacientes con SCA se observa un aumento precoz en el grado de inflamación, actividad de MMP-9 y de EO...

Background: Metalloproteinases are proteolytic enzymes that participate in atherosclerotic plaque instability. In cellular cultures there is increased activity of metalloproteinases-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in the presence of free oxygen radicals. In a preliminary experience in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) we have found a possible association between both phenomena. Objective: To evaluate the relation between activity of matrix degradation proteins and oxidative stress (OS) in acute coronary syndrome. Methods: Fourty patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were prospectively studied. All had a TIMI risk score ≥ 3, ischemic changes on electrocardiogram or Troponin I elevation, without a concomitant inflammatory condition. We determined MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities (gel zymography), malondialdehyde (MDA) (thiobarbituric acid reactive species) and high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) plasma levels at admission and 5 days later. Paired samples Student’ t test and Pearson’s lineal correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 40 patients, 31 were male, mean age 61+/-12 years old (range 38-85), all of them with Troponin I elevation. The TIMI risk score was 4 (3-7). 85 percent presented hsCRP elevation (15.0+/-28,7 mg/L at admission and 35.3+/-38 mg/L at day 5). MDA plasma levels were increased at admission (1,54+/-0,75 µM/L) and diminished at day 5 (1,04+/-0,32 µM/L, p<0,0001). Compared to basal values, MMP-9 activity decreased to 74+/- 27 percent at day 5, (p<0,001). No significant change was observed in MMP-2 activity between both measurements. A significant positive correlation was found between change fractions of MDA levels and MMP-9 activity (r=0,43, p<0,0001). Conclusions: In patients with ACS we observed an early increase in inflammation markers, MMP-9 activity and OS. The correlation demonstrated between MMP-9 activity and OS suggests a common role of both phenomena in the pathophysiology...

Mutación G972R del gen IRS-1 en individuos chilenos con enfermedad coronaria y controles / G972R mutation of the IRS-1 gene in chilean individuals with coronary artery disease and controls

El sustrato 1 del receptor de la insulina (IRS-1) es una de las moléculas más importantes en la transducción de señales, que permiten la incorporación de glucosa a la célula. Variaciones genéticas del IRS-1 han sido relacionadas con alteraciones de su función y diversas anormalidades metabólicas. Considerando la escasa información sobre las bases genéticas de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en nuestro país, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la mutación G972R del gen IRS-1 y enfermedad coronaria en individuos de la población de la IX Región (Chile). Estudios de casos y controles, que evaluó 111 individuos (33 a 74 años), con enfermedad coronaria comprobada por angiografía y 116 controles (20 a 68 años). La genotipificación de la mutación G972R fue realizada mediante la técnica de PCR-RFLP. La mutación G972R fue más frecuente en individuos con enfermedad coronaria que en controles (17 por ciento vs. 6 por ciento, p=0,016). La OR asociada a esta mutación fue 3,21 (I.C. 95 por ciento, 1,28 - 8,06, p<0.05). Adicionalmente, el genotipo heterocigoto GR para la mutación G972R fue asociado a niveles más bajos de HDL-C (p=0,048) y a mayores niveles de glucosa (p=0,006) en los individuos controles. La mutación G972R del gen IRS-1 fue asociada a enfermedad coronaria en la población analizada, lo que sugiere un importante rol de IRS-1 en la patogénesis de desordenes metabólicos asociados a EC.

Estrés oxidativo y depresión: ¿un posible rol etiológico? / Oxidative stress and depression: a possible etiologic role?

La prevalencia de la depresión, como concepto general de enfermedad, ha aumentado en todo el mundo, convirtiéndose en un grave problema de salud. A pesar de esto, no se conoce su causa. Sin embargo, un posible rol etiológico puede ser adjudicado al estrés oxidativo, ya que la evidencia actual demuestra que pacientes con dicho diagnóstico tienen elevados niveles de lipoperoxidación y disminuidas las defensas antioxidantes, es decir, presentan estrés oxidativo; este último se asocia a una disminución de los ácidos grasos omega-3, hecho que ha demostrado estar significativamente asociado con las depresiones mayor, menor y post parto. Por consiguiente es posible plantear que el estrés oxidativo puede tener un rol en la etiología del subtipo de depresión que se relaciona con disminución de los ácidos grasos omega-3. El propósito de este trabajo es relacionar el rol etiológico que tendría el estrés oxidativo en aquellas depresiones relacionadas con el déficit de ácidos grasos omega-3.

Association of proinsulin and insulin resistance with coronary artery disease in non-diabetic men

Recently, Nichalas Hales et al, have demonstrated that elevation of proinsulin levels predict morbidity and mortality with coronary artery disease in age above 27 years. Researchers found that an elevated level of proinsulin, but not insulin, was associated with about a two-fold increased risk of heart disease in nondiabetic men and women. Epidemiological studies have identified hyperproinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for the coronary artery disease [CAD]. In present study we evaluated the association of plasma proinsulin and insulin resistance [IR] with coronary artery disease [CAD] in non-diabetic subjects. Subjects: In this case control study, 41 Normrglycemia men with Angiographic evidence of CAD were compared with 41 control men matched for age and glycemia and with no history or evidence of cardiac diseases. Estimations of plasma glucose, lipids, fasting plasma specific insulin [SI] and proinsulin [PI] were performed. Insulin Resistance [IR] was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] method. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association of the variables with the prevalence of CAD. Subjects with CAD had a higher body mass index [BMI] [25.4 +/- 4.3 vs. 22.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, P = 0.002] and a lower high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol level [17.5-21 Vs 19.8-23.4 mg/dl, P = 0.002]. They also had higher mean SI values [107.5 vs. 62.3 pmol/l, P = 0.002], P1 values [19.3 vs. 5.7 pmo, P < 0.0001], P1/SI ratios [21.4 vs. 10.3, P <0.00001] and HOMA IR [4.2 vs. 2.4, P = 0.004] compared with non-CAD subjects. These variables were associated with CAD in the unadjusted multiple regression analysis. In the multiple regression with the forward entry of the variables, P1 only showed independent association with CAD. Conclusions: Subjects with CAD had higher levels of obesity. CAD showed an association with low HDL cholesterol, circulating P P1/SI ratios and IR. So, Increased levels of proinsulin may predict an increased likelihood of coronary heart disease in men. Our finding suggests that proinsulin are useful for diagnosis of CAD in men. But this subject needs more researches

Biochemical markers of bone turnover in angiographically-demonstrated coronary artery disease patients and healthy Thais.

The patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were suffering from dyspnea. Physical activity of these patients was limited. Their lifestyle may be contributory factors for osteoporosis. Recent research has shown that biochemical markers may be used to predict future bone loss and identify individuals at risk for osteoporosis. Our objectives were to estimate reference ranges of bone markers in healthy Thais and to compare bone turnover between 105 healthy people and 118 CAD patients by using biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption. Mean values of bone markers in controls and patients were 22.9 +/- 12.9, 21.6 +/- 16.2 respectively for N-Mid osteocalcin and 0.45 +/- 0.30, 0.47 +/- 0.37 respectively for beta-Crosslaps. There was no statistical difference of N-Mid osteocalcin (p=0.50) and beta-Crosslaps (p=0.64) values between groups. Our data from this study suggested that that CAD patients have no higher risk for osteoporosis than healthy people.

Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E in ischemic heart disease.

The study was carried on 90 adult cases which were divided into 3 groups of 30 cases each. Group A consisted of 30 normal healthy controls whereas Group B and C comprised of 30 patients each of chronic stable ischaemic heart disease and of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), respectively. Patients in all the 3 groups were age and sex matched. Group C consisted of 17 cases of anterior wall myocardial infarction, 10 of inferior wall, 2 of anterolateral and 1 of antero-inferior MI and they had an average 6.96 +/- 3.39 hours of chest pain before hospitalization. Serum vitamin E in group A, B and C on day 1 was 7.90 +/- 3.23, 5.345 +/- 2.37 and 1.302 +/- 1.090 micrograms/ml, respectively and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in these groups were 0.759 +/- 0.27, 0.780 +/- 0.334 and 3.092 +/- 1.124 nmol/ml, respectively. Vitamin E and MDA levels in group C on day 3 were 3.382 +/- 1.088 micrograms/ml and 1.492 +/- 0.849 nmol/ml, respectively. In Group C, vitamin E levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) as compared to controls and remained low after 2 days. MDA levels were raised more than 3 times in AMI group (p < 0.01) and decreased slightly after 2 days but were elevated compared to controls. Findings suggest that vitamin E deficiency is inversely related to lipid peroxidation and is elevated during AMI. Therefore supplementation of vitamin E in AMI would be beneficial.

Buprenorphine pharmacokinetic parameters during coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of buprenorphine (BN) after a single bolus dose of 10 microg/kg i.v. was investigated in 6 male patients whose age averaged 59+/-9.8 years and body weight of 65.8+/-5.7 kg undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The unbound BN plasma concentrations were detected using ultrafiltration and high performance liquid chromatography/electro-chemical detection (HPLC/ECD) method. During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) there was a fall in BN plasma concentrations, observations similar to reports on fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil. This is probably due to haemodilution, hypothermia and hydrophobic sequestration of drug on to the CPB tubing. After CPB the concentrations rose to values higher than during CPB, though it did not attain pre CPB concentrations. These variations were not statistically significant indicating that plasma levels were adequately stable during CPB. The plasma concentration time curves were biexponential and the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were : distribution half-life 37.24+/-6.57 min, elimination half-life 482.69+/-79 min, clearance 1221.97+/-209.42 ml/min, and volume of distribution 736.46+/-71.25 L. BN in the dose used follows the pharmacokinetic pattern of other commonly used narcotics during CABG. The mean +/- SEM plasma BN concentration during CPB was 0.51+/-0.03 ng/ml which was adequate for the maintenance of analgesia and anaesthesia, as none of our patients expressed the signs and symptoms of awareness during surgery. Further, unlike the other narcotics muscle rigidity was absent. Thus BN is a safe and good alternative to other narcotics for patients undergoing CABG.

Xantomas: marcadores cutáneos de hiperlipidemias / Xanthomas: Cutaneous markers of hyperlipidemias

Se presenta una revisión sobre los xantomas cutáneos enfatizando su importancia como marcadores de padecimientos sistémicos principalmente de la hiperlipoproteinemias primarias y secundarias. Existe una estrecha relación entre el trastorno metabólico y tipo de lípido sérico elevado con las diferentes variedades de xantomas. Se destaca la necesidad del diagnóstico temprano de la dislipidemias por el riesgo de la enfermedad coronaria aterosclerosa en pacientes jóvenes

Enhanced lipid peroxidation in patients during coronary artery bypass grafting.

Lipid peroxidation products were measured at various time intervals in 20 patients with coronary artery disease, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Post-operative blood lipid peroxides were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the preoperative value. Lipid peroxides raised to a peak value of 46.42 +/- 12.86 n mol/g Alb at 5 min of reperfusion when compared to the basal value and afterwards the level declined to 41.02 +/- 7.09 at 2 hrs and remained in that level even at 24 hrs of reperfusion. This increase implies an enhancement in free radical mediated oxidation of membrane lipids during bypass surgery and thus provides evidence for free radical generation during myocardial reperfusion.

Acidos grasos omega 3 y enfermedad coronaria / Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary disease

¿Son realmente los ácidos grasos omega-3 el descubrimiento milagroso para la reducción de la frecuencia de enfermedad coronaria o los investigadores están encaminados por senderos equivocados? Si los ácidos omega-3 son verdaderamente antiaterógenos, ¿qué propiedades los hacen así? ¿Qué cantidad de ácidos se nesecita para lograr el efecto deseado? ¿Tiene su consumo efectos deletéreos sobre la salud? El autor revisa la historia de los ácidos omega-3 y examina las teorías actuales que parecen más plausibles.

association between plasma lipids and gall stones in patients with ischaemic coronary heart disease

The study was conducted on seventy five patients and thirty controls. The patients were classified into three groups: Group I included patients with gall stones only, Group II included patients with coronary heart disease CHD only and Group III included those with both diseases. Serum levels of the following lipid fractions were estimated: Total cholesterol, phospholipids, tri-glycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-phospholipids, low density lipo-protein cholesterol and LDL phospholipids. The results showed that the serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the patients with gall stones compared to controls. The serum phospholipids revealed no difference between patients controls. On the other hand, the serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in all patients than controls. HDL-phospholipids was also lower in the three patient groups in comparison with the controls but this difference is significant in patients with gall stones and in those with CHD. Lastly, the serum level of LDL-cholesterol is significantly higher in all patients than controls LDL phospholipids. The serum level of the LDL-ph was higher in the 3 groups of patients than controls but this difference was significant in Group I and Group III while it was highly significant in Group II compared to controls. The difference between the three groups of patients was insignificant. There is positive correlation in the patient groups and controls as regard the following lipid fractions: Total cholesterol versus phospholipids, total cholesterol versus triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol versus HDL-phospholipids and LDL-cholesterol versus LDL-phospholipids. We had observed that there was no significant difference between the 3 groups of patients in any of the estimated lipid fractions and also in the correlation between the above mentioned parameters, so, we can predict that the metabolic effect and the behaviour of both CHD gall stones are the same. Both the serum total cholesterol and the serum phospholipids have no longer been a determinant factors for either CHD or gall stone disease as thought before. However, the serum levels of the lipoproteins are the good predictive indicators for the development of both diseases

Insuficiência coronariana: alteraçöes metabólicas no miocárdio isquêmico / Coronary insufficiency: alteration metabolics in the ischemia myocardium

Os autores descrevem as principais alteraçöes metabólicas que ocorrem no miocárdio isquêmico, analisando isoladamente o metabolismo dos fosfatos, ácidos graxos, glicose, proteínas e a participaçäo do íon cálcio

Effect of centbucridine & lignocaine on biochemical changes in isoproterenol induced ischemia in rats.

Effect of lignocaine and centbucridine against isoproterenol-induced biochemical changes was studied in the rat. Isoproterenol (40 mg/kg twice) increased the heart weight, level of manolaldehyde (MDA) and activity of acid phosphatase, but decreased the myocardial phospholipid content at 48 h. In addition, increase in plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, MDA and creatine phosphokinase activity was observed. Pretreatment of the animals with lignocaine (10 mg/kg) or centbucridine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) protected the animals against these biochemical changes. However, increase in heart weight consequent to isoproterenol treatment could not be prevented. Total protection against creatine phosphokinase release in the blood was also not observed. The results suggest that the two drugs inhibit lipolysis. They may also inhibit phospholipases leading to protection against ischemia-induced changes in the rat.

Acidos graxos omega III: uma revisao / Marine omega III fatty acids: a review

A baixa mortalidade de esquimos por coronariopatia, tem sido relacionada a alta quantidade de peixe que eles consomem. A adicao do acido eicosapentanoico, um oleo de peixe marinho, na dieta humana, mostra a producao de metabolitos que sao menos potentes que seus assemelhados derivados do acido araquidonico. Devido as diferentes atividades funcionais destes eicosanoides, muitas pesquisas estao sendo feitas com outras patologias. O objetivo desta revisao e mostrar alguns trabalhos e resultados com o uso destas substancias.